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The Awakenings
Return to Part One
The Ascendancy of New Age Religion A significant percentage of Americans were now seeking spiritual awareness even as destain and mistrust for traditional religion increased. As in the Third Great Awakening many of these people began looking to the East. The difference was that now American culture at large was beginning to absorb many of these ideas.
A few Indian masters, such as Paramahamsa Yogananda (1893 - 1952) and Meher Baba (1894 - 1969), made significant inroads into the West prior to the 1960's and 70's. Their influence gradually grew and continues to do so. Their teachings altered many of the basic Judea-Christian assumptions of the nation (note 36). As in the earlier Awakenings a plethora of influential groups were founded during this period.In 1969 Yogi Bhajan (aka Harbhajan Singh Khalsa Yogiji, 1929 - 2004), came to the U.S. He was accomplished in many different forms of yoga, but was primarily a master of the Sikh Khalsa (or Guru Panth) note 37. His teachings were originally customized (some would say downgraded) for Westerners and excluded many of the cultural aspects and austerities that are often considered hindrances for materialistic non-Punjabis. His organization is known as 3HO. This unusual nomenclature refers to the essential teachings and aspirations of Yogi Bhajan and his followers: 3 H's and an O: the Healthy-Happy-Holy Organization (note 38).
In its written form the name 3HO looks like an omkara (shown to the right), the written form of the Eastern concept of triune reality: AUM.
The Mandukyopanishad explains that there are four 'quarters' or aspects of an individual that can be transcended. The first three tend to the fourth enlightened state of turiya. These manifest through the consciousness and are said to be unlocked by the Omkara. These are listed as follows:
The Omkara
Individual/Microcosmic Universal/Macrocosmic Waking State Vaishvanara or Vishva
=Physical condition
='A' of AUMVirat
=Cosmic manifestationDream State Taijasa
I=Mental condition
='U' of AUMHiranyagarbha
=Universal MindSleep State Prajna
=Intellectual condition
='M' of AUMIshvara
=First Cause or GodTuriya The transcendental state which permeates
all others. Basis of self-consciousness.Sum total of the lower three states
and therefore both the fourth quarter
and the whole
=OM as a soundless, single syllable.
The goal is the awakening to the Unified Consciousness. This is conceived as achintya bhedabheda (Inconceivable and simultaneous oneness and difference with the planes of material reality), while the Supreme Consciousness (or enlightened Self) is achintya bhedabheda tattva, the very embodiment of inconceivable oneness with and difference from the dualistic qualities. The nature of this inconceivableness is the single, soundless vibration of Om (in turiya). Each group explains the details differently. This presentation is fairly standard of the Eastern conception.
In the 1970's I had the opportunity to work as a volunteer (perform seva) at one of Yogi Bhajan's restaurants (The Golden Lotus in Atlanta, Georgia). It was explained to me that the original reason for the creation of 3HO was that Americans were expressing an interest in Sikhism and other forms of Indian spirituality, but were not deemed qualified to join the Khalsa or Sikh community due to our perceived cultural lack of spirituality and self discipline (note 39).
The assumption was that Americans would be unwilling or unable to undertake the difficult spiritual disciplines required by the Sikh yoga. As a result, Yogi Bhajan was approved as a sort middle-ground teacher. He would deal with the counter-culture and train its people in a modified Sikh tradition without requiring the traditional observances. His was a mission of kindness and love. Through 3HO sincere people could learn and develop spiritually without direct contact with the holy Sant Mat. The concept was in some ways similar to the Noahide Path offered to non-Jews who are not required to observe the 613 Jewish mitzvot. What resulted from his labors was the creation of a large movement, established in America rather than the Punjab.
Much to the surprise of the Sant Mat, those who embraced 3HO here were enthusiastic and, in many cases, observed disciplines even more formidable than those required of traditional Singhs (note 40)!
As time passed many members of 3HO underwent formal initiation/conversion into Sikhism as well. Perhaps more surprisingly, even after doing so most chose to remain within the 3HO maintaining that Yogi Bajan was equal to, if not greater than Guru Nanak himself (note 41). Today 3HO is generally regarded as a standard form of Western Sikhism. Of course, it is appropriate for students to feel such loyalty and appreciation towards a master of his caliber. 3HO has become a growing movement in its own right and continues to inspire countless people across the New Age spectrum and beyond.
Another influential Indian teacher who came West was His Divine A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (1896-1977). The impact of his books, even more than the movement he founded, can not be overstated. While most Indian teacher who came to the West did not include the traditions Westerners found distasteful, the worship of murtis (which they considered idols), the homage to the Guru, and so on, Srila Prabhupada created 108 full Indian Vishnu temples.
Guru Puja Being Offered to Srila Prabhupada Sri Guru Charana Padma
sri-guru-charana-padma
kevala-bhakati-sadma
bando mui savadhana mate
jahara prasade bhai
e bhava toriya jai
krishna-prapti hoy jaha hoiteguru-mukha-padma-vakya
chittete koriya aikya
ar na koriho mane asha
sri-guru-charane rati
ei se uttama-gati
je prasade pure sarve ashachakhu-dan dilo jei
janme janme prabhu sei
divya-gyan hride prokashito
prema-bhakti jaha hoite
avidya vinasha jate
vede gay jahara charitosri-guru karuna-sindhu
adhama janara bandhu
lokanath lokera jivana
ha ha prabhu koro doya
deho more pada-chhaya
ebe jasa ghushuk tribhuvanaTRANSLATION The lotus feet of our spiritual master are the only way by which we can attain pure devotional service. I bow to his lotus feet with great awe and reverence. By his grace one can cross the ocean of material suffering and obtain the mercy of Krsna.In 1922 Prabhupada's spiritual preceptor, Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura (founder of the Vaisnava Gaudiya Math), ordained and ordered Bhaktivedanta Swami to go to the West and spread the Bhakti Marga (i.e. "the Path of Devotion") of the Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Vaishnava sampradeya (note 42). After a lifetime of preparation, a thirty-five day ocean journey from Calcutta (on the Jaladuta steam ship) during which he suffered an untreated heart attack, Srila Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada arrived in Boston September 17, 1965. He was 69 years old and possessed only forty rupees cash, which even he considered only a few hours spending in New York.
My only wish is to have my consciousness purified by the words emanating from his lotus mouth. Attachment to his lotus feet is the perfection that fulfills all desires.
He opens my darkened eyes and fills my heart with transcendental knowledge. He is my Lord birth after birth. From him ecstatic prema emanates; by him ignorance is destroyed. The Vedic scriptures sing of his character.
Our spiritual master is the ocean of mercy, the friend of the poor, and the lord and master of the devotees. O master! Be merciful unto me. Give me the shade of your lotus feet. Your fame is spread all over the three worlds.
Part of what made this Indian teacher unique among those who had come to the West before was that Prabhupada was a strict "Personalist." He held to the dogma of acintya bheda-bheda tattva. This is the Vedantic doctrine of a single Supreme Being/God who is inconceivable, simultaneously one with the creation, and yet utterly distinct from it. This is to say, that like most historic Jews, Christians, Sikhs, and Muslims, Srila Prabhupada proclaimed the existence of an individual supreme God. He taught that the ultimate nature/form of God was personal (individual) rather than impersonal (i.e. not a collective consciousness), as believed by many other Hindus.
Prabhupada's conception of the One God was similar to the Christian Trinity (indeed the Christian doctrine developed from related non-biblical sources). For Srila Prabhupada the gods or devas, including the Hindu Trinity (trimurti): Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva/Rudra, were all emanations or manifestations of the One God Sri Vishnu/Krishna who alone, he taught, is eternal Bhagavan (God). All other conceptions of God and gods arise from Sri Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
His Hindu predecessors to the West had all espoused variations of Advaita Vedanta, the monistic neo-Buddhist doctrine championed by Srila Shankara (aka Shankara Bhagavatpada 788-822 CE) and popularized by Swami Vivekananda, 1863-1902, Swami Shivananda, 1887-1963, Swami Muktananda, 1908-1983, and others more recently.
Srila Prabhupada also introduced deity (idol) worship (note 43) and traditional Hindu puja (worship methodologies) to the West as you can see in the above video. He translated more than sixty important Hindu Scriptures and teachings into English, such as the highly acclaimed Bhagavad-Gita As It Is, the first ten cantos (or books, in 28 volumes) of the Srimad Bhagavatam, a seventeen volume Sri Caitanya-caritamrita, the Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu, the Sri Upadeshamrita, the Sri Brahma-samhita, the Raja-Vidya and many others. Well over one hundred million copies of his works have been distributed in more than thirty languages worldwide. He also established over a hundred and eight temples, ashrams, farm communities and schools around the world (LC 2,3).
Despite the many scandals that arose within his movement following his death, no continent is without a Hare Krishna temple today other than Antarctica. There's even an ISKCON temple in Moscow (NR 210). Through the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) Srila Prabhupada introduced the West to mantra-yoga and japa-yoga, particularly the chanting of the Vaishnava Maha Mantra: Hare Krishna Hare Krishna... (note 44). This mantra was incorporated into George Harrison's top ten single, My Sweet Lord favorably contrasting Christianity ("Hallelujah") with Vaishnavism ("Hare Krishna"):
My Sweet Lord George's 1969 hit single Hare Krishna Mantra topped the 10 best-selling record charts throughout the UK, Europe, and Asia:
The Hare Krishna Mantra During this period the Hare Krishna Movement had far more impact than is normally conceded. After their heavily publicized experiences with Guru Maharishi Mehesh Yogi (i.e. Transcendental Meditation), George Harrison and John Lennon studied with Prabhupada and Harrison became a devotee (CBH). George remained a devotee until his death on November 29, 2001. In 1969 he produced the Hare Krishna Mantra as a service to Srila Prabhupada. Harrison also donated a seventeen acre estate outside London to ISKCON. Today it is a Temple and ashrama known as Bhaktivedanta Manor (Back to Godhead magazine, January 1983).
Through ISKCON millions of Westerners were introduced to eastern spirituality and practical religious observance. Several thousands became full time Vaishnava monks and nuns for a time. Today only a few hundred people remain within ISKCON as full time devotees. A few thousand more remain associated as householder devotees (grahastha) living outside the ISKCON ashram system. Many of these people regularly visit and support the temples (mandirs). Due to the rampant abuses and rejection of Prabhupada's instructions the vast majority of Prabhupada's devotees eventually left the Movement. Several splinter groups arose and generally fell as the devotees left ISKCON seeking to restore the Movement to its original intent and spirit. Some Devotees joined other groups while most returned to the dominant culture and belief system. Many embraced Buddhism and not a few became Fundamentalist Christians.
On November 14, 1977, at 7:30 P.M., Srila Prabhupada attained Maha-samadhi (died). Since that time ISKCON has abandoned many of his core teachings and altered many more. Without his hands-on leadership the movement has been plagued with countless scandals, including grand theft, various cases of child abuse, arms smuggling, and even murders. It has become a small organization with little influence outside its own religious society (MoS). This is very sad but true. Prabhupada's books continue to be read however and individuals still put his teachings into practice in their personal lives.
A New Age The "dawning of the Age of Aquarius" produced an abundance of spiritual fruit. Some traditional, some new. This awakening promised the dawning of a new age of light and peace against the backdrop of the Vietnam "police action" and the subsequent apathy of the 1970's and 80's.
Guru Maharaji
The Divine Light Mission (DLM) of the youthful Guru Prem Pal Singh Rawat (aka Guru Maharaj Ji, born December 10,1957) was influential for a while. I attended many of their darshans or meetings in the mid to late seventies. This group, like the Hare Krishna Movement, espoused a bhakti (devotion) based philosophy. Unlike ISKCON that focussed on Krishna as the Supreme Person of Godhead, this devotion was directed exclusively to the Guru rather than to him as a representative of God. For his followers, Guru Maharaji was God incarnate, not just His representative. The DLM stressed the importance of personal realization and devotion to Guru Maharaji over ritual and beliefs. Realization was not something handed down from the past, it was NOW, in this moment, close your eyes and see It! Taste It! Through it's yoga techniques I saw the 'divine light' and tasted the 'celestial nectar' they claimed.
The ad campaign that quickly established DLM throughout the West was both ingenious and simple, as was appropriate for a master of the Sanatan Dharma (universal truth: Hinduism). They plastered a single question wherever they could, on sign posts, health food store boards, car windshields, news papers... everywhere. The question: Who is Guru Maharaji? Although his mother later ousted him from the leadership of India's Divine Light Mission due to alleged sexual and financial misconduct ("power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely"), the Maharaji continues to teach his message of universal love and light.
Available space forbids an adequate discussion of the techniques employed to this end, but the movement, while it lasted, was certainly exhilarating (note 45).
You Say You Want A Revolution?
You Better Free Your Mind Instead!
Revolution - The Beatles
Among other teachers that arose during this period was the famous Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and his Transcendental Meditation movement. This movement was very popular among celebrities especially for a while. Also popular was the Daimoku trend ("Namu Myoho Renge Kyo") of Nichiren Buddhism and Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Swami Muktananda and his Siddha Yoga foundation, Swami Brahmananda Mishra of the Yoga Institutes, the miracle worker Sathya Sai Baba (November 23, 1926 - April 24, 2011), and so many other Eastern masters and teachers were active in the West during this period. Their influences continue to reverberate. The sixties and seventies were a time when spiritual masters, both real and fraudulent, were easily found. Their world views deeply impacted us all directly or indirectly as Eastern conceptions unified and entered the Western Paradigm. The New Age beliefs did not replaced Judaism and Christianity, but they did come to exist along side them as equals in the mind of many people. In many ways they surpassed the traditional beliefs among the young. These young people are now the adults.
We don't have the space here to discuss all of the significant groups and teachers of this period but there were many groups that impacted this Awakening and what followed it. These include the highly eclectic Freedom of Speech Movement, the Symbionese Liberation Army, the Weathermen Underground, the Students for a Democratic Society, the Berkeley Free Church (and the related free movements such as free clinics, free food pantries, etc.). The Black Panther Party, the Venceremos, the Zen Center of San Francisco, the Christian World Liberation Movement, the Women's Movement (NOW), the LGBT equal rights movements (including the Universal, the Wiccan resurgence (note 46),
Anton Szandor LaVey's Church of Satan, the OTO (Ordo Templi Orientis), the various Human Potential movements (note 47), Synanon, Esalen, the various 12 Step belief systems, Jesus People USA -- which to both my surprise and disappointment evolved into a traditional Christian ministry (note 48), Jews For Jesus -- i.e. non-observant Jews who sought to mislead the Christian world through the impossible dream of "Jewish Christianity" -- this Christian "ministry" was/is aptly countered by Jews for Judaism, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement, the Charismatic Protestant Churches, The Children of God (now known as the Family International (note 49), Campus Crusade For Christ, Scientology, Stephen Gaskin's "The Farm," the Family of Perpetual Love (not to mention the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence!), the Rainbow Gatherings, Burning Man, the diverse New Age spiritualities, etc. etc. Through groups and events like these, as well as the direct experiences born through drug use, especially LSD and peyote, many people "expanded their consciousness" and tasted the diversity and potentiality of religious and personal realization as never before. Most serious seekers experienced many of these groups, blending their accumulated personal realizations and merging under the greater umbrella of New Age Spirituality and Globalism. The emerging consciousness rejected all authority figures, all established traditions... Truth became an inwardly revealed personal revelation in which there was neither truth nor falsehood, legitimate or fraudulent: bite you finger nails as you are eating the guru alive! as Guru Ramdas explained in Be Here Now!. People "went with the flow" and followed their "inner voice." As the late Robin Williams exclaimed, "Reality? What a concept!"
Most of the people who directly experienced the various social and spiritual alternatives being offered during this period eventually either returned to the more traditional views and lifestyles, often maintaining an essential Universalist belief system ("I'm OK, you're OK") or they continue to deepen their experiences into these beliefs and typically incorporate an anarchistic paradigm in all areas of their lives, living on the fringes of society. By the mid to late seventies this Awakening was clearly over. This period is best considered a minor awakening in my opinion. At the time we expected much more, but our dream proved to be hollow. The influences of this period remains and continues to spread however. by the nineties the flame had become little more than a smoldering ember. What followed the 1970's was a direct response to these experiences for good and ill.
The End of Innocence As the late seventies gave way to eighties and nineties, the vast majority of citizens drifted back into quiet structured society. Everyone had been fundamentally altered by this period of seeking enlightenment, whether people had actively taken part in it or not. Now it was as though the nation was collectively exhausted from its search for something beyond apparent reality. The Secular Sciences and Secular Humanism had won the paradigm war. Religion came to be viewed as nothing but superstition, spirituality was an opiate and cop-out. Humans were nothing but animals. As such the ME generation was born.
Greed became the accepted social norm. Outward appearance replaced inward goodness, material possessions replaced spiritual realizations and love. The war in Vietnam was over but there was no peace. As this trend developed the economy began to crumble. It could not handle the greed of the new consumerism. With both parents working full time and children becoming optional through the Roe-V-Wade decision that legalized infanticide in 1973, the nation's children who survived birth were largely left to the Secular Humanist school systems to raise. Parents were too busy to be bothered with child rearing. This generation of children is now coming into its own and we are witness the results of this absentee parenting.
As the economy became more uncertain and the political winds blew occasional hints that things were not as they appeared, hopes were fading. Without a spiritual center people were being devastated. Apathy began replacing greed as the new norm. Drugs like Meth became epidemic. Mellow Marijuana was being bred into a serious drug that only increased the apathy. Honey oil and other forms were increasing and minds and bodies were being destroyed. With HIV Free Love became anything but, and meaningful human interaction was becoming unknown to many many people. The world was becoming a cold and lonely place without meaning. Without God in their lives people seemingly suffer and die without purpose or meaning. But the Awakening flame continued to flicker and some people held on..
The religion of Secular Humanism had won and become the dominant belief system throughout the non-Islamic world. The priesthood of the nation were now the "nerds" and "geeks" wearing white lab coats and muttering mysterious words like "gigabytes" and speaking of a mystical reality in "cyberspace." Most Americans were content to abide within this undemanding paradigm amazed by the new shiny technologies as their ancestors had been awed by the powers of the Shaman and fakirs. Relativity and political correctness had become the gauge of ethics and morality. The belief in God as historically embraced was dying on the vine and devout Christians were being recast as religious fanatics.
Through the greed-based egocentric experiences and realizations of the 1980's through 2001 the nation and planet was forever changed in tangible ways. Impersonal technology has replaced the Personal God for most Americans, whether they wish to acknowledge this or not. Today Christianity is no longer the largest nor most influential religious system in the post Judeo-Christian United States.
Throughout this period Islam was rising fast everywhere, including in the US. By the mid-1990's it was clear that Islam was the religious heir apparent for the world, other than Secular Humanism.The nation of Israel was politically solid, and yet frequently under attack. It continued working to secure itself as the Jewish homeland while maintaining equality for all under incomprehensible near global condemnation. The United States mainly stood firmly with Israel during these years. Israeli Jews were as divided and largely non-Observant as Christians in the US. The secular population wanted little if anything to do with Torah other than essential holiday observances. The rift between the Observant and non-observant portions of the society was growing. Meanwhile the USSR, which was formally dismantled on December 26, 1991, China, and the United States of America were each actively discounting religious faith and becoming more and more similar to the Nazi regime of Germany as those few who were still protesting during this period frequently pointed out.
The People's Republic of China, already the world's real economic and military super power, was quietly developing its plans to topple the US house of cards, something that seems imminent as of this update (March 2015). U.S. independence and its Constitution is now a myth that few belief in. Most Americans are too dependant on the lower prices China offers through its slave based economy to support real capitalism. Through their buying choices Americans brought their own economy to its knees, bowing to China by transferring ever larger percentages of its wealth to the totalitarian governments.
Certain Islamic leaders during this period were actively developing plans for the establishment of a global caliphate. Many Muslims believe that Imam Mahdi (who, along with Isa/Jesus will lead the Muslims to global conquest according to their prophecies) will soon arise and lead a united Islamic government that will genocide the Jews and vanquish the infidels (like the Americans). Likewise Iran was feverishly working to secure nuclear weapons with which to destroy Israel and the infidel West. In the eighties and nineties most Americans were focussing on material superficialities and/or survival in the fluctuating economy and political realities, rather than paying attention to this rising global threat. Most were unaware of the impending storm.
A New World Order was coming. But according to whose vision? The age of innocence was fast ending and the Americans were clearly not prepared.
John Lennon: Imagine
The Awakenings
Return to: Part 1
Continue with: Part 9
Bibliography and Resources
NOTES Note 36: Yoganandaji founded Self-Realization Fellowship 1920 (AoY xiii). He attained maha samadhi (died) on March 7, 1952.
Meher Baba claimed to be the incarnation of every Divine Being one could imagine. Whether he meant this literally or that his spirit had attained oneness with them is debated. In 1925 he took the vow of silence and never spoke again. In 1956 he gave up his chalk board (which he had used for communication), and on January 31, 1969 he 'dropped his body' and became pure spirit (NR 83,84). returnNote 37: Yoga, as used here, refers to any method of Self-realization employed within the Indian religio/spiritual systems. Sikhism (or Sant Mat) is the Punjabi Indian religion which developed around the teachings of Guru Nanak and his nine successors. The khalsa is the recognized body of Sikhs, coming through the lineage of the ten Gurus which ended with Guru Gobind Singh. Guru Panth has the same implications and means, literally, community of the pure ones (GiS 68; SR 263,264). return Note 38: The Sacred monosyllable Om looks like 3HO when written in devanagari (Sanskrit) characters. return Note 39: It was also admitted that the Punjabi Sikhs did not want to associate with the American counter-culture although they sensed great sincerity among its numbers. return Note 40: Since, in India, last names are indicative of one's caste, it was not enough to personally renounce one's place in the system because one was still judged on that basis. Therefore Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, renamed his followers in a way which would acknowledge no caste distinctions. All male Sikhs adopted the surname Singh (Lion). This name disavowed any reference to caste and implied that one was a Lion for God, which is to say, fierce in determination to attain spiritual liberation (P). A Singh is a "lion for God." To qualify as truly a Singh one must be sincere in religion, above social reproach, and observe five cultural practices known as the five Ks:
* kesh: uncut hair. From birth onward devout Sikhs never cut their hair, including their beards. This is indicative of their desire to transcend material nature and attain spiritual realization. The body is not important beyond its role as a vehicle for enlightenment.
* kangha: comb used to keep the hair clean. This comb is kept under one's turban. The practice of kesh should not be taken as neglect for the body, it is cared for as one might care for an automobile, hence the kangha.
* kara: metal bracelet or bangle worn on the right wrist. Since the Sikhs reject all forms of asceticism, they are actively engaged in life. Indeed, unless a man works and supports his family he can't be considered a Singh. When one reaches out his (right) hand to work, the bracelet reminds him of God. By this he is always careful to deal honestly with all men.
* kaccha: knee-length underwear.
* kirpan: dagger. Sikhs reject the normative Hindu doctrine of ahimsa (non-violence). They see it as a moral weakness and a betrayal of religious responsibility. If a Sikh sees a wrong being committed he is duty bound to stop it. Sometimes such righteous intervention requires force. The dagger is not therefore merely a religious symbol, it is a tool for righteousness, even a weapon, for godly intervention on behalf of another or for self-defense. There is also of course the spiritual symbolism.
returnNote 41: Some say he is Guru Nanak returned. return Note 42: Bhakti-marga means the Path of Devotion. The Brahma-Madhva-Sampradaya refers to the school (sampradaya) of Vaisnavism (worshippers of the Sustainer God Vishnu) which, according to tradition, passed from Sri Vishnu through Brahma, the Creator God, via the religious philosopher Madhva (1199-1278) and was then restored by Sri Krishna-Caitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1533). It was then disseminated throughout Bengal (hence Gaudiya from Gauda-desh) and now throughout the world through Srila Prabhupada and his disciples (LC 3). return Note 43: The worship of murtis or physical Deity Forms. return Note 44:Mantra-yoga refers to the use of sacred chants for enlightenment. The Maha Mantra (Supreme Chant) for Vaishnavas is Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare, Hare Rama Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare. return Note 45: According to rumor, Guru Maharaji impregnated one of his disciples and his mother ordered him to discontinue his movement and return to India. return Note 46: Wicca, in this case, is used to indicate the various Witchcraft groups, as well as the larger Neo-Pagan communities popular at the time. return Note 47: From 1970 to 1974 twenty thousand people have been involved in Arica, thirty thousand with EST, nearly a thousand with Psycho-synthesis. Transcendental Meditation [Maharishi Mahesh Yogi] and Silva Mind Control together have involved over a million persons (NRC 100). return Note 48: In Chicago, Jesus People U.S.A. operated a dozen houses with nearly a thousand members. In the mid-seventies I spent a month in "Jepusalem" (their headquarters) and found them very sincere Christian people who sought to incorporate the fundamentals of the counter culture into a liberal Christian context. Today they have discarded any semblance of their hippy past. They have become a mildly fundamentalist group of dedicated Christian workers. return Note 49: The COG threw great parties! They took the command to love thy neighbor literally. One-on-one sex, as well as orgies, was an important component of their spiritual practice. COG's founder, Moses David, fled the U.S. to escape sex charges involving minors. I have heard that the COG is presently re-emerging as the Family. At this time I have no other information on their activities (any information is requested). return